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Using a retrospective case-control study, we compared poolside tests with bacteriological samples during three consecutive summers. A total of 844 matched samples were obtained. Increased chlorine levels were associated with lower rates of contamination. Alkalinity, pH, and TDS were not statistically associated with bacteriological failures. In swimming pools with ≥ 1 ppm of chlorine, 27/30 (90.0%) passed bacteriologic evaluation. In spas with < 1.0 ppm of chlorine, only 12/28 (42.9%) passed. Of the spas with ≥ 3.0 ppm of chlorine, 170/176 (96.6%) passed. Of the wading pools with < 1ppm of chlorine, only 12/25 (48.0%) passed. Of the wading pools with ≥ 2 ppm, 263/290 (90.7%) passed. Of available poolside tests, only chlorine levels are predictive of positive testing for fecal contamination. Higher levels of chlorine were associated with higher passing rates. Current standards for disinfection in spas and wading pools may need to be increased to help prevent contamination. Swimming is a very popular activity worldwide. Safety of participants involves many aspects, including maintaining water quality through filtration and disinfection. The goal of both of these is to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. Although disinfection can be achieved by a number of methods, the most commonly used disinfectants are chlorine and bromine (National Swimming Pool Foundation, 2009). Research on chlorine use as a disinfectant for swimming pools dates back

Determinants of Bacterial Contamination in Pools, Spas, and Wading Pools: Should Chlorine Standards Be Revised?