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Using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization, we investigated the temporal and spatial expression of LEAFY (LFY) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) homologs in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) and quince (Cydonia oblonga) buds, in order to elucidate their roles in the flower and inflorescence development of fruit trees in the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae). Japanese pear and quince were selected because they are very close phylogenetically but develop distinct inflorescence architectures. Floral differentiation in Japanese pear began in late June to early July in Osaka, Japan, forming a raceme inflorescence with about eight flowers, whereas that in quince took place from late October to November in Nagano, Japan, forming a solitary flower in each floral bud. LFY homolog expression levels in both species increased at the floral differentiation stage and remained at relatively high levels in flower meristems after the flower organ differentiation stage. In contrast, TFL1 homolog expression levels in both species were high in vegetative-stage buds, but decreased significantly just before floral differentiation. Japanese pear TFL1 homologs were expressed in the subepidermal layer of the apical meristem before floral differentiation, whereas those of quince were expressed in the epidermal layer of the apical meristem and leaf primordia. We discuss the possible involvement of maloid LFY and TFL1 homologs in triggering floral differentiation, as well as the involvement of the different spatial expression patterns of TFL1 homologs in the inflorescence architectures of Japanese pear and quince.

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Relationship between Floral Development and Transcription Levels of LEAFY and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 Homologs in Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) and Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.)