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The distributions of micro-meteorological elements in relation to sprouting, flowering, and development of shoots, leaves and fruits were studied with the tree crowns of 17-year-old Satsuma mandarin (cv. Miyagawa-wase) trained to the modified central leader, semispherical and open-center forms.1. The distributions of micro-meteorological elements in the tree crown depended closely on the tree forms. That is, as the position in each tree crown shifts from the top toward the bottom, and from the outside toward the inside, light intensity and air temperature were significantly decreased, whereas relative humidity was significantly increased.2. As the position in each tree crown shifts from the top toward the bottom, and from the outside toward the inside, sprouting, leafing and flowering were correspondingly retarded. Consequently, differences of about three days were found between the top to middle of the outside and the lowest position of the inside.3. Leaves at the top of each tree crown were small and thick, while those at the bottom were large and thin and the thickness and number of layers of the palisade tissue varied with positions in the tree crown. Furthermore, the water content of spring flush leaves was high at the bottom, though their water saturation deficit (W. S. D.) was low. A decreasing order of stomata per unit leaf area was found to be the top, middle and bottom. Consequently, the number of stomata was significantly decreased in the bottom, and the ratio of open to closed stomata was low.4. The chlorophyll content in leaves was highest at the bottom followed by the middle and teen the top, particularly, chlorophyll a content was markedly high at the bottom where light intensity was low. The contents of N, P, K and Mg in leaves varied with the position in the tree crown.5. The growth and quality of fruits at the bottom were inferior to those of the middle and the top. These results appeared to be closely related to the distributions of micro-meteorological elements such as light intensity and air temperature in the tree crown.

Effects of Micro-meteorological Elements and Positions in the Tree Crown on the Development of Shoots, Leaves and Fruits of Satsuma Mandarin