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Background Hibbard (2007) conducted a qualitative interview study of 30 experienced non-native practitioners of the Native American sweat lodge ceremony. The essential purpose of the sweat lodge is to provide a place and context for purification, healing, and petitionary prayer, that is, to draw in and incur spiritual favor (Bucko, 1998). Through purposively identifying and interviewing key practitioners (i.e., sweat lodge leaders and senior practitioners), ten subjects were selected from each of three different lodges, representing different traditions and from different parts of the country, including Montana, Texas, and Arizona. Practitioners included 17 females and 13 males, ranging in age from 27 to 65 with an average of 50. The number of sweat lodge ceremonies participated in ranged from 80 to 1000 with an average of 271, and the years of sweat lodge practice ranged from 8 to 33 with an average of 18. The transcribed interview data revealed 184 reports of transpersonal experiences which occurred during an estimated 8,126 ceremonies. A qualitative data reduction and content analysis identified 31 types of transpersonal experience that were reduced to 17 categories. Major categories include: encounter experiences (e.g., experiencing the presence of or communicating with spirit beings), psychoid experiences (e.g., physical spiritistic phenomena and healings), visual phenomena (e.g., seeing lights and forms in the hot rocks), visions; feelings of connectedness, channeling, intuitive knowings about participants, leaving the physical body, sympathetic resonance with the earth, and feeling beyond/greater than one’s normal self. (For a complete description of the research method and resulting taxonomy of transpersonal sweat lodge experiences, see Hibbard, 2007.)

Reports of Transpersonal Experiences by NonNative Practitioners of the Native American Sweat Lodge Ceremony: A Critical Appraisal