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Dilute acid hydrolysis has been effective at removing C5 sugars from lignocellulosic biomass for conversion to energy and chemicals. While acid hydrolysis processes are effective, their corresponding capital and operating costs can become prohibitively expensive due to the acids used, formation of degradation products from the C5 sugars, and the down-stream processing requiring neutralization. Dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) for the hydrolysis of C5 sugars can decrease these processing costs by lowering neutralization costs, avoiding the use of expensive/specialized metal reactors, potentially recovering and recycling the DCAs, and increasing C5 sugar yields while also decreasing the formation of degradation products. In an effort to validate the benefits of DCA over strong mineral acids, a selected set of Dicarboxylic acids (DCA) was evaluated in the preferential selective hydrolysis of hemicelluloses from a hemicellulose-rich biomass source, Dried Distillers Grains (DDG). The relationship between acid pKa, xylose, and degradation products was explored. In parallel, we also investigated the use of para-toluene-sulfonic acid (PTSA) that has a structure similar to the sulfuric acid, but has a toluene group instead of a second acid proton. Time versus concentration of xylose and furfural data was obtained using each of these acids. Among the acids tested, oxalic acid and PTSA produced the greatest amount of free xylose (13.7 g/l, 12.4 g/l respectively) after H2SO4 (18.8 g/l), and both produced less furfural (0.34 g/l, 0.38 g/l respectively) than H2SO4 (0.97 g/l). Comparing the Combined Severity Factors (CSF) of the acids evaluated led to the conclusion that among the DCAs explored in the present work, oxalic acid produces a C5 rich hydrolyzate comparable to the sulfuric acid and with minimal xylose degradation products.

hsoa advances in industrial biotechnology

Evaluation and Utilization of Dicarboxylic Acids (DCA) as an Alternative to Strong Mineral Acids for Selective Extraction of C5-Sugars in an Integrated Biorefinery