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Underground structures and infrastructures (i.e. metro tunnels and stations, deep foundations, etc.)\udlocally affect the groundwater level of the aquifers in urban area, and they can bring about hydrogeological hazards especially in areas also interested by a regional raising trend of the water table. In this\udpaper, the case of Milan (Italy) is discussed by means of the following steps: (1) monitoring data analysis for reconstructing the regional increasing trend of the water table; (2) numerical modelling of the\udgroundwater flw system in steady state; (3) numerical modelling of the interference of underground\udstructures and infrastructures with the aquifer system. More in detail, the study started from a numerical\udmodel of the aquifer system of Milan, calibrated in steady state with reference to the maximum water\udtable observed in May 2014. Afterwards, a pilot sub-model of about 9 km2 was refied to simulate\udthe major intersections between the metro lines and the stations. Modelling results pointed out a local\udincreasing of the groundwater levels of about 10–15 cm over wide areas located nearby the tunnels\udintersections. Unfortunately, these areas coincide with those areas interested by the highest increase\udin water table due to the regional trend. Therefore, even if the local changes are quite low, they can\udnegatively affect underground structures and buildings because of the superimposition of effect

Influence of underground structures and infrastructures on the groundwater level in the urban area of milan, italy