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This paper will examine a sandstone cliff south of the town of Livorno Italy, between the Rio Maroccone mouth to the north and the Leone cove to the south, in its most dangerous area, between the sea and the main road Aurelia. The aim of this paper is to divide the area into homogenous hazard classes and assess the possible kinematic evolution. The paper refers to an evaluation of parameters that may trigger rock falls on the cliff, which could constitute dangers for tourists. The identification of critical areas has been achieved through the elaboration of landslide susceptibility maps. The geotechnical study was carried out on the Macigno Fm at the site. Field surveys and indirect tests for classifying rock masses and estimating the uniaxial compression strength (UCS) were performed. Some numerical analyses were executed to study the static and dynamic behavior of the slope. The results confirm the vulnerability of the areas, demonstrating the dynamic instability of the analyzed sections and a precarious equilibrium is also in static conditions. These analyses, compared with the site surveys, show poor data and in some cases alarming results; some portions of the cliff are under limit equilibrium conditions or close to it, especially in some of the areas appreciated by tourists and bather. Through the numerical modeling the critical situation of these slopes becomes even more evident, confirmed by some rock falls of small blocks occurred during the geomechanical survey period. To make the situation even worse, the whole area is constantly subject to exogenous agents such as strong winds and the wave action, which determine a rapid deterioration of the mechanical characteristics of strength in the Macigno Sandstone.

Slope stability modelling of a sandstone cliff south of Livorno (Tuscany, Italy)