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The original construction of the San Juan fortification walls in Puerto Rico dates from the mid-16th century. The fortifications were constructed with the single purpose of defending the City of San Juan and its harbour from attack, principally by sea. Over a four-century period of construction and reconstruction, the fortification walls evolved from one construction typology into at least ten identifiable types. The walls investigated in this study are 750 m long and 15 m high, and include two bastions and the San Juan Gate. The challenging task of evaluating such complex structures required the synergism between historic research and modern diagnostic techniques to develop a deep understanding of the history, materials and structural behaviour of the fortification walls. In addition to historic research, 21st-century technologies selected to evaluate the walls included laser scans, digital photo-documentation, wall coring, remote visual inspection of the core interior, microwave radar scans, thermography, characterization of stone and mortar types and strength, and finite element modelling.

Synergism in conditions evaluation technologies: The example of the san juan fortification walls