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This study aims to explore the relationship among energy consumption, real\udincome, financial development, and oil prices in Italy over the period 1960–2014.\udThe results of unit root and stationarity tests show that the variables are nonstationary\udat levels, but stationary in first-differences form, or I(1). The ARDL\udbounds F‐test reveals an evidence of a long-run relationship among the four\udvariables at 1% significance level. The results show that an increase in real GDP\udand oil prices have a significant effect on energy consumption in the long-run. The\udcoefficients of estimated ECT are also negative and statistically significant. In\udaddition, the paper explores the causal relationship among the variables by using\uda VAR framework, with Toda and Yamamoto but also Granger causality tests,\udwithin both multivariate and bivariate systems. The findings indicate that energy\udconsumption is affected by real GDP

Energy consumption, real GDP, and financial development nexus in Italy: an application of an auto-regressive distributed lag bound testing approach