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12 pages, figures, and tables statistics.Risk analysis can be used as a scientific tool for addressing the health of ecosystems.\udHere we describe a protocol for characterizing risks in the ecosystems of several\udpolluted soil scenarios in the Madrid Community (Central Spain). Our starting\udhypothesis was that to recover the health of degraded ecosystems that could affect\udpublic health, an ecotoxicological diagnosis of each site is required. The sites we\udconsidered were industrial and urban solid waste landfills and abandoned mines.\udThis diagnosis revealed many interacting processes that need to be assessed if we\udare to realistically address the issue of restoring impacts on ecosystems affected by\udsoil pollution. These processes are: 1) Geo-edaphic processes, requiring the analysis\udof geomorphologic factors; 2) Chemical–physical processes occurring in the soils,\udsuch as the release of anions or cations ; 3) Erosion–pollution processes that require\udan understanding of the autoecology of plant species that could be used for\udremediation in scenarios with this dual problem; 4) Bioaccumulation–\udbiodegradation processes, requiring the integration of microbiology and plant\udbiology tools to assess any toxic effects on soil and plant subsystem populations; 5)\udEdaphic–bioavailability processes, since different ecotypes show a varying response\udto a given soil; 6) Population–ecopathology development processes, essential for\udboth cultivated and native plant species comprising trophic networks; 7) Secondary–\udprimary ecological succession processes, a commonly observed mechanism in old\udlandfills sealed with soils from the surroundings-ecological knowledge of reference\udcommunities is essential for a good ecotoxicological diagnosis.; 8) Climate change–\udglobal warming processes, of utmost importance for revegetating polluted soils\udsince success will depend both on the soil seed bank and on stochastic processes.This study was funded by Project CTM2008-04827/TECNO of\udthe Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the EIADES Program of the\udCommunity of Madrid.Peer reviewe

Ecology and health in risk analysis of polluted soils