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It is considered that the shapes of plant leaves are optimized under various environmental constraints. In this paper, the optimality of a leaf shape is examined by using a numerical shape optimization method. For leaves, it is necessary to have a sufficient surface area for receiving sunlight while also being stiff enough to maintain their shapes against external loads such as gravity and winds. This study focuses on an evergreen leaf with a V-shaped cross-section and a thick blade for designing the optimal shape of an artificial leaf. Stiffness, amount of sunlight received and volume are used as the response functions to evaluate leaf performance. A node-based non-parametric method with pyramidshaped basis vectors is used as the shape optimization method. The trade-off problem between the amount of sunlight received and stiffness is solved with this method. Prior to leaf shape optimization, calculated examples in engineering structural design are presented to verify the effectiveness of this method. The leaf shape optimization results show that the optimal V-shaped cross-sections were obtained according to the sunlight direction and target stiffness.

Application of shape optimization method to artificial leaf design