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The paper summarizes the geomorphological results of a research project focused on palaeogeographical and archaeological characteristics of a Neolithic settlement in the middle Ondava Basin (north-west part of the Eastern Slovakian Lowland). Investigations on an Early Neolithic (ca. 5500–5100 BC) settlement in Moravany were carried out as part of the project. Palaeogeographical studies were carried out in the neighbouring territory of this site. The Holocene alluvia detected there were much younger than the Neolithic and no distinct traces of the activity of Neolithic people were recorded. Extremely important data were obtained in Kladzany. The general structure of the river valley records the erosional phase of the end of the Pleistocene. In the Early Holocene, the Ondava river cut off the upper part of the palaeochannel fill during lateral migration. A slow process of aggradation was noted during the Neolithic since soil-forming “kept up” with the sedimentation. A change in the rhythm of the overbank deposition occurred after 5,830±40 BP which led to the fossilization of the soil by an over 1 m thick layer of silts. It is difficult to determine whether it is related to human activity. IANSA 2014 ● V/2 ● 119–130 Tomasz Kalicki, Marek Nowak: Natural and Anthropogenic Changes in the environment in the Middle Ondava Basin (Eastern Slovakia) during the Neolithic Period 120 Topľa and Ondava river valleys were carried out. Samples for sedimentological analyses, micromorphological studies and 14C datings were taken from the geological outcrops and borings. Grain size analyses by the sieve method in the case of coarser sediments and by the laser method (Fritsch Analysette 22) in the case of fine sediments were performed. The grain size parameter distribution was calculated according to the Folk-Ward formulae. For micromorphological analyses, performed by A. Budek, undisturbed blocks were collected in Kubiena tins in a vertical arrangement from the buried soils. The samples were acetone-dried and impregnated with epoxy resin and the thin sections were prepared. Archaeological excavations at the Early Neolithic settlement in Moravany were carried out. A number of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental analyses were executed (Nowak et al. 2010) along with the field studies. 3. Results of the off site research Palaeogeographical studies were carried out in the valley of the small river Šarkan, in its alluvial fan, and in the Ondava floodplain (Figure 2) (Kalicki et al. 2005; Nowak et al. 2009, 418–421). It should be emphasized that the Šarkan valley is situated directly next to the Early Neolithic settlement of Moravany dating to ca. 5500–5300 BC (Nowak et al. 2010, 206–208). One would consequently expect to find traces of its existence in the discussed valley, in the mid-Holocene period. 3.1. The Šarkan valley near the Moravany site The discovery of black layer at the top of Tertiary sediments in the Šarkan valley indicates that buried soils were partly preserved on the slopes of the valley. They were dated at 19,890±120 BP. The bottom of the valley is filled with silts Figure 1. Location of the study area (1) and the sites mentioned in the text (2). Figure 2. Location of the site Moravany (1). 0 100 km