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as a political and social statement, the style of the achaemenid architecture was predicated on grandiose buildings and masonry, with the column as one of its primary elements. often, the trunk of the columns was made of either wood or stone, although their bases were always made of stone; a practice unique to ancient Iran. consequently, access to stone for building these columns was of major importance this paper deals with the sources used in the making of the column bases of hegmatâneh following non-destructive techniques of petrography and Xrd (X-ray diffraction spectrometry) analysis in conjunction with geological data. In order to study them, we collected six samples from hamadan and nine from column bases. historical texts and geological formations were also taken into consideration. this study attempts to demonstrate the relationship between archaeological and environmental data by statistical analysis, to be used as a tool for the identification of mineral resources in the future. IAnsA 2012 ● III/2 ● 221–227 Masoud rashidi nejad, farang Khademi nadooshan, Mostafa Khazaie, Paresto Masjedi: An Archaeometrical Analysis of the column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain their source of Provenance 222 Fi gu re 1 . g eo lo gi ca l m ap o f h am ad an , p rin te d by In c. t eh ra n 19 77 . t he b ro w n ar ea s a re h or nf el s a nd h or nf el s s ch is t a nd th e lig ht -b lu e ar ea s a re sh al e, sl at e an d sc hi st . IAnsA 2012 ● III/2 ● 221–227 Masoud rashidi nejad, farang Khademi nadooshan, Mostafa Khazaie, Paresto Masjedi: An Archaeometrical Analysis of the column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain their source of Provenance 223 Figure 2. the methods of draw out from Khorzaneh, up, and Farhad dash quarry, down. (photos by authors) cyrus’ palace and the audience hall, the residential palace, as well as his tomb, placed on a six-stepped platform (Brosius 2006, 9). the other royal achamenid palaces were located in apadana, susa, ecbatana and persepolis reference. the column bases of artaxerxes II in the Iran national Museum, four pieces of engraved columns in British and Japanese museums, and a column in the hegmatâneh (ecbatana) museum (saraf et al. 2007, 51–66) are remains of this period. since most of the columns discovered in hegmataneh and its surroundings are stratigraphically considered to belong to the parthian period (256 Bc to 224 ad). consequently, scientific determination of the origin of the stone quarries was considered to be necessary. 2. Geological overview sanandaj-sirjan zone is the metamorphic belt of the Zagros orogen in western Iran, which uplifted during the continental collision between the afro-arabian continent and the Iranian microcontinent (Mohajjel et al. 2006, 11–19). alsbearing schists are part of the metamorphic rocks in the north-west half of the sanandaj-sirjan zone. they consist of metasediments including micaschist, garnet staurolite schist, garnet andalusite schist and garnet sillimanite schist (Figure 1) with protoliths of pelite interbedded in additional detritic sediments. Five episodes of deformation were recognized in the als-bearing schists (Ibid. 2006, 11–19). 3. Methods and sampling 3.1 The XRD Method the Xrd method is used in recognition of precious and semi-precious minerals and rocks, particularly with minerals such as hematite, quartz, rocks, limestone and metamorphic rocks, and inorganic compounds such as celadon and ceramic materials. the Xrd method, along with XrF (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy), is also used to detect the color of the minerals in the frescoes and stone statues and to determine the origin of the pottery and stone objects by tracing their constituent elements (ellis, 2000, 671–672). three pieces of the column bases ( 3X5 hala cm ya inch ya har vahede andazegiri ) and a sample of the stone base IAnsA 2012 ● III/2 ● 221–227 Masoud rashidi nejad, farang Khademi nadooshan, Mostafa Khazaie, Paresto Masjedi: An Archaeometrical Analysis of the column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain their source of Provenance 224 Figure 3. samples number 5, 6 and 7, up,. 2 and 3, from the achaemenid column bases used for analysis by Xrd, (photos by authors). IAnsA 2012 ● III/2 ● 221–227 Masoud rashidi nejad, farang Khademi nadooshan, Mostafa Khazaie, Paresto Masjedi: An Archaeometrical Analysis of the column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain their source of Provenance 225 Up: a thin section image of pyrite crystal and solution veinlet, Xpl, 40× magnification, H. 5. Middle: images of a shale section, XPL, 40× magnification, H. 1. Down: Images of a shale Mudstone section, XPL,40× magnification, H. 2. Up: Pieces of algae and moss, 20× magnification, PPL, F. 3. Middle: Pieces of foraminifera and echinoids, 20× magnification, PPL, F. 2. Down: Traces of burrowing on a micrite background, 20× magnification,

An Archaeometrical Analysis of the Column Bases from Hegmatâneh to Ascertain their Source of Provenance