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the archaeology of the grape has been studied quite thoroughly from the angle of the technology of wine-pressing, wine making installations and the archaeobotany of the grape plant, its origin and dispersion. the grape though is elusive archaeobotanically, even in to wine-producing areas, due to the fact that traded wine is often filtered and can only be detected by chemical analyses. Monastiraki in crete, though, a Middle Bronze age site, has provided us with information on the organization of grape-pressing, methods of wine-making and, perhaps, offers insights into the organization of wine and vine products, data which other prehistoric sites in crete had not revealed so far. *corresponding author. e-mail: a.sarpaki@gmail.com 1the vast literature on pottery studies related to drinks, and especially to wine, will not be discussed here. the importance attributed to wine in the formation of complex societies has been elegantly discussed by renfrew (1972) in his seminal book on the emergence of complex societies in the aegean. this has been taken up by sherratt (1987) and hamilakis (1996) in other seminal studies about the importance of “drinks” including wine, which sherratt looked at, in a wider chrono-geographic context. IAnSA 2012 ● III/2 ● 211–220 Anaya Sarpaki: Re-visiting the Visibility of the Grape, Grape Products, by-products and some Insights of its organization from the Prehistoric Aegean, as Guided by new evidence from Monastiraki, Crete 212 on fossil evidence, that, during the pleistocene, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris survived in the forests encircling the Mediterranean (olmo 1995, 36; Buxó 1997, 277) and along the southern shores of the caspian sea. the present distribution of the wild vine, in the areas which will be discussed, is enlightening.2 (Figure 1). We, therefore, need to note that the whole of greece, the islands and crete have populations of wild/spontaneous vine, V.vinifera ssp. sylvestris. In the neolithic as well, generally speaking, the wild grape must have occupied the same areas, (logothetis 1962; olmo 1995, 36) which, of course, further complicates our problem of: “where was it first used”, and whether it was systematically used (cultivated) in its wild/spontaneous form, before becoming widespread in its domesticated form. regarding the domestication of the vine, we are still at a loss. There have been several studies concerning the identification of grape pips and their separation, on morphological grounds, into wild and cultivated, with one of the latest being a study published by Mangafa and Kotsakis (1996). In their study, several metric characteristics of the grape pip have been used but, unfortunately, the application of these criteria has not worked successfully, when applied to archaeobotanical material from two sites in the Mediterranean, namely petra (140 BC–AD 40)( Jacquat, Martinoli 1999) and Coast Mochlos (L.M.IB) (Sarpaki, Bending 2004). Using the criteria identified in the formula and published by Mangafa and Kotsakis, has led Martinoli and Jacquat (1999), as well as Sarpaki and Bending (2004), into erroneously identifying wild grapes in archaeobotanical samples which, most probably, only had domesticated grape.3 It is clear that enrichment of the formula and the data needs to be pursued by measuring other populations of wild grapes4 and additional measurements of cultivated varieties.5 Furthermore, additional work is, most probably, needed, not so much on the metric characteristics but rather, on their ratio indexes. the result is that, at present, except for very typical wild grape pips, there are no metric criteria to be used, confidently, in order to discriminate between them and we are left with the older general morphological criteria used by stummer (1911) and schiemann (1953). the Vitis pollen is also not separable into wild and domesticated. the only rough criterion is the quantity of pollen grains that each plant produces but, definitely, not their morphology. We know that wild grape is dioecious, which means that some vines have only female flowers, and others have only male, which produce pollen. In the domesticated vine, both male and female flowers, though, retain the organs of the more primitive hermaphrodites, although in a more rudimentary stage of development. the only criterion, which could, possibly, be used, is the larger quantity of pollen that the wild vine produces. Bottema and Sarpaki (2003, 735) had observed that wild grape pollen, in a sample from an area where wild vines grew, was in the order of 29.7%, whereas pollen trapped from fields, where domesticated vine grew, was in the order of 2.3%. therefore, the only criterion, which could be used, at present, is the percentage of pollen counts, Figure 1. distribution of wild grape (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris), from Zohary and Hopf (2000, 154). 0 800 km 2An important study of finds of Vitis in the Mediterranean and especially in the western Mediterranean was published by Nứñez and Walker (1989). 3the probability of the inhabitants harvesting wild grape is rather negligible for those time periods and those areas. 4the wild grapes used for the measurements by Mangafa and Kotsakis (1996, 410) were populations which were collected in the north of Greece, Western and Eastern Macedonia, whereas different populations of wild grapes in other parts of greece and the Mediterranean also need to be measured. Moreover, other criteria need to be further identified and, most probably, ratios rather than strict measurements need to be identified and studied, e.g. the ratio of stalk length to total pip length (Smith, Jones 1990, 326; personal discussions with Glynis Jones). 5Mangafa, Kotsakis (1996, 410) only measured seeds from two vine varieties, limnio and asyrtiko and both obtained from Macedonia. there are many more grape varieties in greece alone which need to be measured. IAnSA 2012 ● III/2 ● 211–220 Anaya Sarpaki: Re-visiting the Visibility of the Grape, Grape Products, by-products and some Insights of its organization from the Prehistoric Aegean, as Guided by new evidence from Monastiraki, Crete 213 table 1. sites with Vitis sp. Finds in greece. List of Aegean sites with grape-pip finds (N=36) Sites E.N. M.N. L.N. E.B.A. M.B.A. L.B.A.

interdisciplinaria archaeologica

Re-visiting the Visibility of the Grape, Grape Products, By-products and some Insights of its Organization from the Prehistoric Aegean, as Guided by New Evidence from Monastiraki, Crete