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Analysis of micronuclei (MN) in preimplantation embryos is a good method for the evaluation of cytogenetic damage induced by occupational and environmental mutagen during early pregnancy. To examine whether conventional Giemsa staining produced the same accuracy of micronuclei as the DNA-specific 4', 6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining in preimplantation embryo induced by maternal exposure to chlorpyrifos, we conducted assays on 469 mouse (3 groups) preimplantation embryos micronucleus. Slides were stained with DAPI. After DAPI staining, the slides were de-stained and restained with Giemsa. Giemsa staining showed similar frequencies in MN to DNA-specific DAPI staining in all three groups. Both staining techniques revealed significant increases in frequency of MN in the treated group in comparison to the control group. Both methods showed a statistically significant correlation between MN frequency and the dose of chlorpyrifos. Compared with DAPI staining, the sensitivity of Giemsa staining was 85.0%, 86.0% and 90.9% for control, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg chlorpyrifos treated group, respectively. The specificity was 97.9%, 91.4% and 96.5% for control, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg chlorpyrifos treated group, respectively. Thus, we recommend that Giemsa staining technique be a standard staining method in detecting MN of preimplantation embryos induced by occupational or environmental hazards.

Comparison of 4', 6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole and Giemsa Stainings in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos Micronucleus Assay Including a Triple Dose Study