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To determine which parameters are useful for the risk assessment of man-made mineral fibers (MMMFs), we examined the gene expression of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in mineral fiber-exposed alveolar macrophages (AMs). Male Wistar rats were intratracheally exposed to saline or mineral fibers suspended in saline (2 mg of crocidolite, chrysotile, alumina silicate refractory fiber (RF1) or potassium octatitanate whisker (TW)). Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 4 weeks after the fiber-instillation, and the recovered AMs were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide for 2 or 6 hours. Expression of IL-1 alpha, TNF alpha, IL-6 and iNOS from AMs was observed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The levels of IL-1 alpha and IL-6 mRNA induced by mineral fiber exposure were greatest in AMs exposed to TW, crocidolite, chrysotile and RF1 in that order. However, both gene expression of iNOS and TNF alpha were not elevated in both crocidolite and TW exposure, despite their high pathological potential. These data suggested that IL-1 alpha and IL-6 may be useful indicators for the risk assessment of MMMFs.

Effects of Mineral Fibers on the Gene Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase in Alveolar Macrophages.