English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Background: This study aims to find a relationship between the amplitude and duration of verbal information, and a conscious reaction to the kinaesthetic learner. Material/Methods: Research participants in this study consisted of 40 children from elementary school No. 1 in Swidnica (Poland). The group consisted of 16 boys and 24 girls. The respondents’ age ranged from 9 to 10 years. Children regularly attended swimming classes 3 times a week for 45 minutes. The method used for the research was the laboratory experiment method, where the aim was to assess the level of differentiation of kinaesthetic sensations in the aquatic environment. Study participants had to perform 10 repetitions of force differentiation of their upper limb adduction movements, under the influence of water resistance felt on the surface of the palm of their hands. The task was to move from the slightest perceptible drag force of water (sensory threshold), through intermediate values to the maximum strength. Results: The results confirmed the hypothesis that the intentional modulation of verbal information affects the level of conscious differentiation force in the aquatic environment. The magnitude of the force registered during the measurements significantly correlated with the intensity of the amplitude of individual words and their duration. Conclusions: The participants’ conscious reactions were therefore a response to the teacher’s intentional and planned actions. This issue is worth addressing in more detail in subsequent studies. Verbal information should be supplemented with suitably chosen content and then evaluated in terms of its effectiveness relating to the teaching process. Word count: 5,101 Tables: 1 Figures: 11 References: 27 Received: May 2011 Accepted: July 2011 Published: December 2011 Corresponding author: Dr Andrzej Klarowicz Wroclaw University of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Poland Department of Physical Activity in the Aquatic Environment Adres Al. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław Phone: 661-44-39-02 e-mail: klara114@wp.pl A. Klarowicz, B. Groffik, M. Rejman, The Modulation of Verbal Information As a Factor Stimulating Conscious Differentiation of Kinaesthetic Sensations in the Aquatic Environment 312 Introduction A healthy human being is born with a number of tools needed to live and communicate. One of them is the voice. Every day we use our voice in order to communicate, impart information and express our emotions. During childhood we learn to respond to our parents' verbal information, which in addition to the content, consists of a particular tone and pitch suited to the situation. Such behaviour is carried into adult life and therefore vocal modulation enables us to emphasize the importance and nature of the information sent to the recipient. People tune and model their utterances intuitively, according to the situation. Intonation is an integral part of speech [1]. The intentional use of our acoustic capacities allows us to impact the recipient’s intensity of focus and the means by which he or she memorises the given information [2]. Human speech is based on auditory impressions; that is, we respond only when we hear. The reception of auditory impressions, referred to as sound perception, is the ability to differentiate individual sounds based on their intensity, frequency and tone [3]. This paper raises the problem of the modulation of verbal information. The notion of modulation is understood as the changing amplitude and the delivery time of verbal instruction while the content and meaning of words remain unchanged. In the literature on the subject, attention is often given to verbal instruction and its role in the teaching process and the learning of motor function [4,5,6]. A common aspect of the studies was a qualitative approach to verbal information, which was directly linked to the achieved final results. An extremely important element that was subject to research was the analysis of the content of ‘utterances’ and its impact on the effectiveness of learning motor actions [7]. In the conducted experiments, verbal information was introduced to raise awareness of the kinaesthetic experience. The results confirmed the assumptions that verbal information increases the effectiveness of the learning process for children aged 10–11 years. Zatoń noted the close link between the content of individual words (associated with realizing the energetic elements of movement) and the effectiveness of the process of teaching and learning [6]. Since the main means of providing information in physical education classes is speech, the teachers’ development of this activity influences the effectiveness of the learning process of motor functions [8,6]. In human communication, the content of verbal information constitutes an average of 7% of the total transfer, while the dominant role is played by body language 55% and voice intonation 38% [9] Verbal communication involves the exchange of information during speech (reading, writing and listening). Any verbal statement should reflect a clear structure, appropriate choice of words, and reasonably simple sentence structure. In everyday life we often adapt the manner and form of verbal expression to the existing circumstances. People can shorten and extend their words unconsciously or utter their words faster and louder in order to emphasize their importance. The intensity and duration of the human voice is a phenomenon which we encounter in everyday verbal communication. Rarely, however, are such variations considered as deliberate actions. Sounds of speech and their understanding are key elements of social life. They provide people with information about their surrounding environment and the processes that occur within it. They control human behaviour and as such become an integral part of life [10]. Intonation, stress, rhythm, the speed of speech and voice intensity, as well as the duration of the sounds are elements that in the literature are referred to as extra-linguistic communication which at the same time accompany verbal communication [11]. In the process of teaching motor functions, this deliberate use of such a wide range of meanings creates new opportunities for the control of kinaesthetic information. Our mind is inextricably linked with our body which collects information and externalizes our reactions through various mental processes [12]. Therefore, it is the ability to receive and process information that determines the quality of our motor actions. The phenomenon of human physical activity is associated with the ability to differentiate kinaesthetic sensations. It has been proved that the factors determining these differentiation levels are closely linked to learning and improvement [13]. Research shows that the higher the level of kinaesthetic differentiation, the greater the achieved level of control movement. The impact of certain forces while moving in space and experiencing various associated stimuli shapes our A. Klarowicz, B. Groffik, M. Rejman, The Modulation of Verbal Information As a Factor Stimulating Conscious Differentiation of Kinaesthetic Sensations in the Aquatic Environment 313 perception of reality. In the literature there are particular terms which specify the areas of human physical activity. We are talking about the sensory experience of ice (skating), air (ski jumping), football (team games) and the sensory experience water (swimming). Rostkowska defines the experience of water as "the ability to impact with a particular force which is appropriate to the existing need," which developed over the course of many years of contact with the water environment [14]. This type of sensation depends on two factors: congenital and acquired properties of sensitivity to touch. Research conducted in the swimming pool at the Department of Physical Education in Wroclaw drew attention to the power of communication in the process of creating awareness of kinaesthetic sensations in the aquatic environment. It has been established that there is a relationship between the quantity, form and quality of communication and the effectiveness of teaching. It has also been found that students often do not realize their mistakes despite the knowledge of appropriate movement patterns. This mechanism probably involves an inadequate assessment of perceptual information, which is caused by a distortion of the relationship between unconscious and conscious aspects of perception [15] At this point, the task of the teacher is not viewed as an indication of error, but a change in the student's perception of his/her own body in the water. Modification of the spatial behaviour of students is made possible by the tactual and verbal transfer of information which creates an awareness of kinaesthetic sensations [16]. Intentional modulation of the teacher’s verbal instructions is the next step in the search for methods which develop kinaesthetic sensitivity. In the process of teaching motor functions in water, the sender of messages can consciously direct the strength and duration of verbal communications. The aim of this study was to find a relationship between the amplitude and duration of verbal information, and a conscious reaction from the kinaesthetic learner. This was raised under the premise of two hypotheses: • The planned teacher's voice modulation affects the level of conscious differentiation of the force sensation in the water. • There is a relationship between the duration of verbal information and the magnitude of force differentiation in the aquatic environment.