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The effect of temperature on the duration of larval, prepupal, and pupal development of the European leaf roller, Archips rosanus L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was studied at four constant tempera- tures (18, 22, 26, and 30°C) where Malus communis L. (apple, Stark Crimson) was used as food. Signifi- cant positive linear relationships were observed between development rate and temperature for all life stages. Minimum developmental threshold temperatures were estimated as 5.5-6.7°C for first stages, 5.8-5.7°C for second stages, 5.1-6.3°C for prepupae, and 8.1-6.3°C for pupae, male and female, respec- tively. Lower threshold of complete development of adult was estimated as 6.05°C (male) and 6.0°C (fe- male). Median development values of degree-days (DD) for first stages, second stages, prepupae, pupae and complete preimaginal development were 57.5-55.2, 55.2-66.2, 33.1-33.9, 137-175.4 and 476.2-526 for male and female, respectively. A degree-day model was developed using from the laboratory data for predicting the first emergence of the pest and spray application time. Estimated degree-day model predicted the emergence within 3-7 days of that observed at the field site in both 2001 and 2002. Accord- ingly, the degree-day model will be useful to predict the first emergence dates, optimum spray period and to provide a starting point to catches in pheromone traps in the summer for A. rosanus.

Temperature-Dependent Development and Degree-Day Model of European Leaf Roller, Archips Rosanus