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Specialized conifers-seed-eating animals, such as crossbills ( Loxia  spp.), woodpeckers (Picidae), squirrels (Sciuridae), nutcrackers ( Nucifraga  spp.) and many of insects (e.g., Pyralidae and Tortricidae) exert phenotypic selection on different features of the coniferous cones. In response to such selection, many conifers invest resources in various physical and chemical seed defenses. The study was conducted in mixed mountain forests in West Sudetes (50°55’N 15°46′E), southwest Poland. We selected 10 anvils for great spotted woodpecker and 12 foraging places for the red squirrel. We collected 350 foraged larch cones from each anvil and feeding place for both species and also 50–100 unforaged larch cones within a 15 m radius at each site. In this study, we documented different selection pressures on European larch ( Larix decidua ) cones exerted by great spotted woodpecker ( Dendrocopos major ) and red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ). The great spotted woodpecker preferred foraging on cones with thinner peduncles resulting in selection for thicker peduncles. However, red squirrels preferred feeding on small and medium larch cones, favoring trees producing large cones. Different foraging behaviors influence the form of selection exerted by these two seed-eating species.

Great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) and red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) prefer different cone features of European larch (Larix decidua)