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The present study was carried out in three seasons — spring, summer and autumn in Topolnitsa Dam Lake (Bulgaria) which has been subjected to continuous contamination with trace metals due to copper extraction in the area. We investigated the trace metal levels in surface water and liver samples of European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). We also linked the metal levels we determined with the various histological and biochemical changes which we observed. Lesions in the liver parenchyma were found to be degenerative and necrotic, as well as, they were presented as hyperemia which consequently leads to disturbances in the hepatic blood circulation. Activities of the hepatic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) were found to be significantly elevated, particularly in summer. Therefore, based on our results we could recommend that the investigated tissue and cell alterations may be successfully applied as reliable biomarkers for monitoring polluted with a mixture of trace metals freshwater ecosystems.

Biomarkers in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) liver from a metal-contaminated dam lake