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n birds, individuals may show different behavioural and physiological responses\udwhen handling, and such variation may be related to individual differences in antipredator strategies. We per\ud-\udformed a pilot study in both breeding and wintering populations of the Great Tit\ud(Parus major)\ud, and we char\ud-\udacterised three typical behavioural traits during a standard ringing procedure in captured birds. We assessed be\ud-\udtween-individual variations in breath rate, pecking rate and the number of distress calls displayed in response\udto handling, and also calculated the within-individual variation of these traits by repeated behavioural measure\ud-\udments. We found that these behaviours were consistently displayed within individuals (with repeatability varying\udbetween 0.44 and 0.82), and there was also some modest correlation between them (e.g. breath rate covaried with\udthe number of distress calls). Furthermore, using multivariate linear models assessing a role of some potential\udpredictors we found that a considerable amount of between-individual variation can be explained by sex and age\uddifferences and also by variation in body condition. However, the magnitude and direction of these relationships\udwas inconsistent across seasons. Our results are in line with previous findings that several consistent behavioural\udtraits measured during human handling could reflect individual specific antipredator strategy, but some confound\ud-\uding effects cannot be ruled out. Hence, our preliminary results require careful interpretation, and further studies\udare needed to assess the exact magnitude by which different behavioural traits are inter-related

Behavioural responses to handling stress in the Great Tit: within-individual consistency and the effect of age, sex and body condition