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Synthesis of thermochromic VO 2  (M) was successfully done by annealing hydrothermally-prepared VO 2  (B) at different temperatures and times. Conversion of the metastable VO 2  (B) to the thermochromic VO 2  polymorph was studied using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) under N 2  atmosphere. Moreover, the phase and morphology of the synthesized samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), respectively. Accordingly, the XRD scans of all the annealed samples exhibited the presence of monoclinic VO 2  (M), while the FE-SEM images of the samples showed the formation of nanorods and nanospheres, particularly those heated at high temperatures (650 °C and 700 °C). Meanwhile, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to measure the phase transition temperature (τ c ), hysteresis, and enthalpy of the prepared VO 2 . Based on these results, all samples displayed a τ c  of about 66 °C. However, the hysteresis was high for the samples annealed at lower temperatures (550 °C and 600 °C), while the enthalpy was very low for samples heated at lower annealing time (1.5 h and 1 h). These findings showed that crystallinity and nanostructure formation affected the thermochromic properties of the samples. In particular, the sample annealed at 650 °C showed better crystallinity and improved thermochromic behavior.

Effects of annealing parameters on phase, structure and thermochromic properties of VO2 (M) derived from nanostructured VO2(B)

Effects of annealing parameters on phase, structure and thermochromic properties of VO₂ (M) derived from nanostructured VO₂(B)