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The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in small ruminants is principally dependent on anthelmintic therapy, which encounters the rising problem of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development. Veterinarians reported anthelmintic failure in several sheep farms in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, northern Iraq, which called for a systematic study about the efficacy of three commonly used drugs: albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole. Material and Methods A faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted to elucidate the anthelmintics’ efficacies, with coprocultures to determine the GINs parasitising sheep in the study area. Larval development assays (LDAs) were conducted to determine the drugs’ median inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 ). Results The FECRT revealed that AR was widespread to all three drugs, and ivermectin was the least effective, reducing the faecal egg counts (FECs) by 50.5% to 57.1%. The coprocultures revealed that the GIN genera of sheep in Arbat District were  Trichostrongylus ,  Nematodirus , and  Trichuris , and the resistance was mainly due to  Trichostrongylus  species. The mean IC 50  of albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole were 0.073 ng/mL, 7.97 ng/mL, and 1.43 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusion This study is the first Iraqi report of AR confirmed by both  in vivo  FECRT and  in vitro  LDA methods.

journal of veterinary research

First report of multiple drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq detected by <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> methods

First report of multiple drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq detected by in vivo and in vitro methods