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An Early Cretaceous mesofossil flora is described from the lower part of the Almargem Formation (late Barremian-early Aptian) from Torres Vedras (NE of Forte da Forca), Portugal. The flora is the oldest mesofossil flora containing angiosperm remains to be described in detail based on well-preserved flower, fruit and seed remains. In addition to angiosperms, the mesofossil flora also includes megaspores, sporangia and tiny leaves of spore-bearing plants. There are also twigs, cone fragments and seeds of conifers and seeds assigned to the BEG group. In total about 100 species have been distinguished. Most abundant in terms of plant fragments identified, are spore-bearing plants and conifers. Although only about 18 % of the specimens can be attributed to angiosperms, angiosperm diversity is unexpected high considering the age of the flora. Angiosperms account for about 62 % of all species recognized. Angiosperm diversity is mainly at the level of ANA-grade angiosperms, eumagnoliids and in a few cases early diverging lineages of monocots. Eudicots are subordinate. Twenty new genera and 28 new species of angiosperms are established ( Anaspermum operculatum  gen. et sp. nov.,  Appofructus nudus  gen. et sp. nov.,  Appomattoxia minuta  sp. nov.,  Burgeria striata  gen. et sp. nov.,  Canrightia elongata  sp. nov.,  Choffaticarpus compactus  gen. et sp. nov.,  Dejaxia brevicolpites  gen. et sp. nov.,  Dinisia portugallica  gen. et sp. nov.,  Eckhartia brevicolumella  gen. et sp. nov.,  Eckhartia longicolumella  sp. nov.,  Eckhartia intermedia  sp. nov.,  Eckhartianthus lusitanicus  gen. et sp. nov.,  Eckhartiopsis parva  gen. et sp. nov.,  Gastonispermum antiquum  sp. nov.,  Goczania rugosa  gen. et sp. nov.,  Goczania inaequalis  sp. nov.,  Goczania punctata  sp. nov.,  Ibrahimia verminculata  gen. et sp. nov.,  Juhaszia portugallica  gen. et sp. nov.,  Kempia longicolpites  gen. et sp. nov.,  Kvacekispermum costatum  sp. nov.,  Mcdougallia irregularis  gen. et sp. nov.,  Nicholsia brevicolpites  gen. et sp. nov.,  Piercipollis simplex  gen. et sp. nov.,  Reyanthus lusitanicus  gen. et sp. nov.,  Samylinaea punctata  gen. et sp. nov.,  Teebacia hughesii  gen. et sp. nov.,  Vedresia elliptica  gen. et sp. nov.). Comparison with results of a palynological study from the same horizon that yielded the mesofossil flora shows a marked underestimation of angiosperm diversity in the palynoflora, a pattern that has also been recognized elsewhere.

The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora of Torres Vedras (Ne of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis of an Early Angiosperm Community