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Gene flow among individual trees of Pinus syluestris and P. mugo putative hybrid swarms in Slovakia was followed at four localities using the species-diagnostic cpDNA trnV-trnH/Hinf I restriction profile. Variable proportions of P. syluestris and P. mugo haplotypes were revealed among the sampled localities. Low between-habitus consistency of the trees and their cpDNA haplotypes indicates the hybrid nature of the swarms. Molecular analysis based on mutual comparison of the haplotypes of a given tree and its embryos suggests direct and reciprocal hybridization between trees of the P. syluestris and P. mugo haplotypes. Besides conspecific embryos resulting from hybridization of trees with the same haplotype (P. syluestris X P. syluestris and P. mugo x P. mugo), hybrid embryos of P. syluestris x P. mugo (8.03%) and P. mugo x P. syluestris (11.50%) were also detected in open-pollinated offspring. The results are discussed from the standpoint of primary and introgressive hybridization between the parental species.

Hybridization Processes in Putative Hybrid Swarms of Scots Pine and Mountain Dwarf Pine as Revealed by Chloroplast DNA