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Stomata are very conserved structures in plants, which allows and control the  gas exchange. This ecophysiological fact appears to be critical in the ecology  and adaptation of plants to environment. Plant individuals can, among other  issues, adjust size and density of the stomata to adapt themselves to hydric,  thermic and light regimes. In turn, this led to the reduction of transpiration and  control of water losses, which is crucial in areas with Mediterranean climate. The  fern  Osmunda regalis  has populations in both biogeographical regions of the  Iberian Peninsula (Eurosiberian and Mediterranean regions), but when locations  are highly continental the populations are scarce and isolated. The objective of  this study is to characterize the stomatal morphological traits in both regions, to  detect possible adaptations in individuals occurring in Mediterranean locations.  26 individuals of 17 different populations were sampled. Applying microscopic  techniques, 4447 observations of length and width, and 234 of density and PCI  were done. The sampling spots were characterized by two bioclimatic indices of  Emberger and Gorzynski, and also mean maximum and minimum temperature  values were obtained. All the information was included in a dataset that was  statistically analyzed with the software SPSS. Our results show that  Osmunda  regalis  fronds have higher PCI and density values in the Eurosiberian region,  as expected. Gorczynski continentality index (K), and the mean maximum and  minimum annual temperatures influences over stomatal traits. This is clearly  informing that in the Mediterranean region, the temperature is an important  factor that triggers stomatal adaptations of  O. regalis  to continental locations with  higher levels of environmental stress. On the contrary, Emberger pluviometric  index (Q) seems to be less explicative by its own. Perhaps this is related with  the habitat of  O. regalis  in soils with high freatic level, fact which could lead to a  more independent stomata from rainfall.

Stomatal traits in Iberian populations of Osmunda regalis (Osmundaceae, Polypodiopsida) and its relationship with bioclimatic variables