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Panax ginseng is used in traditional medicinal systems since ancient times. Countless health benefits are contributed by numerous phytoconstituents. In market, three preparations of ginseng that is white, red and black are available for consumers. Current study was aimed to contrast and compare these three types of ginseng. An organized characterization of the biofunctional activities (antioxidant, antiglycation, enzymes i hibitory, antiamnestic, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, antibiofilm) of red, black, and white ginseng root extracts and fractions was performed. Antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed by using free radical scavenging, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays. Antiglycation and enzyme (alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and acetylcholinesterse) inhibition activities were tested by prescribed methods along with cytotoxic (antihemolytic profile), thrombolytic activity, and biofilm growth inhibition assays. Red and black ginseng indicated maximum phenolic contents (37.26 ± 1.563 g GAE) nd flavonoid contents (149.4 ± 2.032 g CE) respectively. The DPPH scavenging ability (62.84%) of red ginseng was higher than black and white ginseng. Significant antidiabetic activities were exhibited by black and white ginseng. The highest antihemolytic (71.2%) and thrombolytic (87%) actions were shown by black and red ginseng respectively. Red nd white gin eng maximally inhibited the growth of P steurella multocida while in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, red ginseng showed optimum antibiofilm activity. The present study demonstrates that all three preparations of P. ginseng have effective yet variable functional characteristics that warrant further exploration.

Biofunctional characterization of red, black and white ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) root extracts