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Hawkers are social groups that exist largely on commercial streets, consuming a part of the their public space. Hawkers can be defined by their mobility or by their use of public space for economic purposes (Jones and Varley, 1994; Donovan, 2002). They offer services or goods for trade to the public without having a permanent built up structure, but a temporary fixed structure or a mobile stall (Bhowmik, 2005). Hawking is considered a universal phenomenon and can be found worldwide and discrepancies between first, second and third worlds – or developed, transitional and developing economies – are not highlighted, nor stressed. However, it is important to state that hawking activities are more widely identified in poorer regions and they are highly concentrated in urban areas (Bhowmik, 2005; Sekar, 2007). People are forced into hawking because of rapid urbanisation, inadequate opportunities for formal work and a perpetually increasing population (Husain et al., 2015). Some observers argue that the worldwide number of hawkers is increasing. This is because of both wide-spread, rural migration of low-skilled workers towards cities, along with global economic crises and the deficiency of employment opportunities (Bhowmik, 2005). Generally speaking, the majority of hawkers lack the sufficient skills and education which would enable them to find decent, paid and secure employment in the formal sector. Thus, they end up working in the informal sector Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism

Between Marginalization and Integration – Hawkers on the Streets in Downtown, Amman, Jordan