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In the European countries, now called postcommunist, a whole series of processes of political transformation took place after 1989, which changed the conditions and the quality of life of their citizens, for example, the promotion of democracy (Freyburg et al., 2009), liberalization of the economy (Roaf et al., 2014), state institutional reforms (Fritz, 2007), public administration reform (Nemec, 2014). These processes also translate into the regional and local level (Chapman and Meliciani, 2018; Ezcurra et al., 2007). It is most clearly visible in the case of changes in the significance of particular regions and the functions performed by the national borders. Looking at the substantial changes in the importance of regions in the analysed part of Europe, two processes become apparent. The first one is an increase in the importance of metropolitan areas, especially those comprising the national capitals (Egidy, 2017; Salukvadze and Golubchikov, 2016). The second one is the decline and depopulation of various regions, including the rural ones situated peripherally (Kriaučiūnas et al., 2014; Mladenov and Ilieva 2012). In the latter case, we are dealing with changes in the significance of national borders. The most important change is to enable the citizens of these countries to move outside their own countries. After some post-communist countries had integrated into the European Union, far-reaching changes in the functions of borders in this area took place. The external borders of the enlarged European Union still remained hardly permeable to a greater (e.g. the Polish-Russian, Lithuanian-Russian, Romanian-Ukrainian borders) or Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism

The Influence of the Polish-Russian Border on the Development Opportunities of the Polish Border Region