Safety issues in solid fuel heating practice in Serbia

Due to economic situation in Serbia old design solid fuel boilers are being used. Their exact market share is not known. This design has been developed in 70s, is functioning, is cost-effective, although having lower efficiency and higher emissions then the state-of-the- art boilers. Often these boilers are installed in closed hydronic heating systems. This is not in accordance with the safety rules prescribed in standards. This practice can lead to explosions, and to loss of human life and property. Random survey about installations of solid fuel boilers in closed heating systems has been done. This paper tries to explain the roots of this malpractice, through answering the core questions: Does PROPERLY functioning safety valve prevent boiler explosion? Does draught regulator can regulate boiler flow temperature at ALL regimes?  Can boiler be safe without system for removal (dissipation) of EXCESS heat? Can there be a SAFE installation of boiler in a premises without water supply network access point? What type of solid fuel boilers CAN be installed in closed heating system?