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In order to understand the relationship of immune deficit after physical activity and its relationship with food supplementation with carbohydrates and polyphenols to mitigate this transient suppression, the objective of this review is to identify the factors that characterize the decline in immune function after physical exercise and stress the importance of immunonutrition in this context. The use of carbohydrates and polyphenols in physical activity practitioners to mitigate transient immune deficit. The evidence directs the moment after strenuous physical exercise, as a period in which there is a greater susceptibility to transient immune dysfunctions. There is an increase in numerous metabolites derived from the breakdown of muscle and liver glycogen, as well as an increase in lipids and oxylipins. The function of NK and neutrophil cells, various measures of T and B cell function, production of salivary IgA, delayed hypersensitivity response of the skin, increased expression of MHC-II in macrophages and other biomarkers of immune function are altered for several hours to days during recovery from prolonged and intensive resistance exercises. To reduce immune dysfunction, there are effective nutritional strategies that include increasing carbohydrate and polyphenol intake. The advantage of this nutritional strategy would also be its positive impact in reducing tissue/systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Nutritional strategies considered most effective for athletes should include carbohydrates and polyphenols to optimize performance, improve immune activity and aid tissue recovery. The consumption of sugary beverages or fruits promotes a decrease in tissue and systemic inflammation, making the post-exercise environment less impaired from an immunological point of view. In addition, phenolic biotransformers circulate throughout the body, exerting numerous adjuvant effects on athletes, such as combating free radicals, and are beneficial to the general health of individuals.

Transient Immune Deficit after Exercise and the Relationship with Immuno-Nutrition: A Short Review of the Literature