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Background: Pleural effusion, the pathological accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, is very common. It has a wide differential diagnosis, and a delayed etiological diagnosis can be associated with markedly higher morbidity and mortality. It is divided into two main types: Transudative and Exudative, depending on the mechanism of fluid accumulation. The most common causes of pleural effusion are: Congestive heart failure, infections, malignancy, liver and kidney failure. Thoracentesis may be indicated as a therapeutic procedure to relieve symptoms or as a diagnostic procedure by analyzing the pleural fluid using Light’s criteria which differentiate Transudative from Exudative effusions. The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and etiologies of different types of pleural effusion, and to assess its relation with some potential risk factors. Methods: This is a one-year retrospective cross-sectional analytical study. We collected data from 131 patients who underwent thoracentesis at the Lebanese Hospital Geitawi, Rafic Hariri University Hospital, and Makassed General Hospital, between January 1st 2016 and January 1st 2017. Results: This study showed that 78% of our patients had exudative pleural effusion, while the rest 22% had transudative effusion. Cardiovascular diseases were the most common causes of transudates (76.6%) and infectious parapneumonic effusions were the most common causes of exudates (48.8%). Conclusion: In Lebanon, the results were similar to those of developing countries, where the parapneumonic pleural effusion is the main cause of pleural effusion.

Etiology of Pleural Effusion among Adults in Three University Hospitals in Beirut: A One-Year Retrospective Cross Sectional Analytical Study