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The aim of this review was to present ethnic characteristics of type 2 diabetes in Pacific Island adults in New Zealand. International databases including PubMed and Google scholar were consulted in a search using the terms “Pacific Island populations”, “New Zealand”, “ethnicity”, “obesity”, “metabolic syndrome”, “type 2diabetes”, “food security, and their combinations, as well as the websites of the World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation, and the Ministry of Health New Zealand. Pacific Island populations originate from the islands in the Pacific Ocean, and they may have similar genetic and cultural origins to one another. Also, they have some of the highest reported levels of obesity in the world, and New Zealand has rates of obesity that are comparable to most rich nations including USA. In New Zealand, the incidence of type 2diabetes and cardiovascular disease is significantly higher among Pacific Island populations than in Europeans. Pacific Island populations still have comparatively higher rates of obesity (68%) and diagnosed diabetes (13%) than any other ethnic group in New Zealand. Universal anthropometric measures of obesity, which were derived from studies in Europeans, might underestimate the body size and body composition in Pacific Island populations. Hence, there is a need for ethnic specific cutoffs for anthropometric measures of obesity, and better assessment of body composition in these under high risk populations for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Considering the high levels of obesity, Pacific Island populations represent an example of the classical thrifty genotype. Type 2 diabetes in Pacific Island populations is based upon their high prevalence of morbid obesity or some other distinct and unknown mechanism. Further research is warranted to explore and clarify ethnic specific pathways, other than obesity, which led to type 2 diabetes in Pacific Island populations in New Zealand.

Ethnicity and Type 2 Diabetes in Pacific Island Adults in New Zealand