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Multipath TCP (MPTCP) extends traditional TCP to enable simultaneous use ofmultiple connection endpoints at the source and destination. MPTCP has beenunder active development since its standardization in 2013, and more recentlyin February 2020, MPTCP was upstreamed to the Linux kernel.  In this paper, we provide the first broad analysis of MPTCPv0 in theInternet. We probe the entire IPv4 address space and an IPv6 hitlist to detectMPTCP-enabled systems operational on port 80 and 443. Our scans reveal a steadyincrease in MPTCP-capable IPs, reaching 9k+ on IPv4 and a few dozen on IPv6. Wealso discover a significant share of seemingly MPTCP-capable hosts, an artifactof middleboxes mirroring TCP options. We conduct targeted HTTP(S) measurementstowards select hosts and find that middleboxes can aggressively impact theperceived quality of applications utilizing MPTCP. Finally, we analyze twocomplementary traffic traces from CAIDA and MAWI to shed light on thereal-world usage of MPTCP. We find that while MPTCP usage has increased by afactor of 20 over the past few years, its traffic share is still quite low.

From Single Lane to Highways: Analyzing the Adoption of Multipath TCP in the Internet