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This thesis traces the development of the concept of the common heritage of mankind from its introduction by Arvid Pardo, the Ambassador to the United Nations from Malta, in 1967 to its translation into policy in the 1982 Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The thesis pays particular attention to the people and ideas that influenced Pardo and the historical period of the late 1960s in which the common heritage idea for the deep seabed was articulated. It was a period of international idealism and a brief period in which the United States President, Lyndon Johnson, lent his grandiose rhetoric to the idea of managing the deep oceans as a common heritage. However, the problem was that the idea could not be translated into workable public policy for international cooperation in mining the deep seabed. The idea became a vehicle for a number of groups and individuals including the Third World nations that wanted to make it a part of their demands for ·a new economic order. Although a seabed mining regime was negotiated and is in place in the treaty, the United States and some other developed nations refused· to sign the treaty because of the seabed regime. Other events that hurt the process of turning the common heritage idea into workable policy were the decline in demand for minerals and a global recession that made such an expensive enterprise less attractive.

An Intellectual History of the Common Heritage of Mankind as Applied to the Oceans