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The strengthening mechanisms in high strength cold rolled sheet steels Jor USfS as the inner and the outer steel panels oj safety automobiles have bem examined with regard to the press Jormability , namely in terms oj lhe combination oj strength and ductility (n-value and total elongation). In view oj the manufacturing process, which includes the recrystalli zation anneal as a necessary .'tep, on£v three hardening mechanisms, the substitutional hardening, the precipitation hardening, and the grain bowldmy (grain refinement) hardening, are possible. The results obtained are as Jollows: (1 ) The combination oj the strength and ductility can be ranked ill a worsening order as Substitutional solution hardening > Grain boundary hardening > Precipitation hardening This ranking, ill which the grain boundary hardening represents the level expected oj commercial steels, well corresponds with the three distinct work hardenillg behaviors oj those steels as revealed by tellsile tests and transmission electron microscopy. (2) In the substitutional solution hardwing type , collinear arrays oj dislocation are dominant , and the work hardening still continues on at a large tensile strain (the continually hardening type). (3) I II the grain boundary hardening type, the diformatioll behavior is essentially the same as in " pure" irons both in the cell substructure Jormation and in the tylle oj strain hardening (Lhe ordinmy hardelling type). (4) [n the Il recipitation hardening t.ype, most oj the dislocations interact w ith the fine Jm cipitates uniformly distributed in the matrix, and the strain increases forming dislocation loops at all early stage of tensile strain , whereb), the work hardening is large at early stage oj straining but gets soon saturated without Janning clear cell substructions at late stage (the early stage hardening type). (5) The poor combination of strength and ductili(y oj the precipitation hardened steels can be imJiToved up to the level oj the grain boundary hardening type by causing the precipitating particles to coalesce and the distributed heterogeneously, e.g., by austen izing beJore cold rolling, whereby changing the diformation behaviur ouer to that oj the grain boulldGlY hardmillg type .

On the Combination of Tensile Strength and Ductility in High Strength Cold Rolled Sheet Steels and the Metallurgical Factors Responsible Therefor