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With an estimated world production of 17 million tons in 2018,1) manganese ores have been widely used in many fields, such as the steel industry and in medicine. Most of manganese alloys produced globally is used in the steel industry,2–7) while only about 6% of manganese ore is worldwide used to produce special metallurgical and chemical products. Management of the energy consumption in manganese alloys has become of primary importance to ensure the competitiveness of the industry as well as the minimization of environmental impacts, such as the greenhouse gas emissions. The conventional method for industrially producing manganese ferroalloys involves the smelting of raw materials, i.e. manganese ores, flux agents and metallurgical coke as reducing agent in blast or electric arc furnaces where the pre-reduction of higher manganese oxides is customary done by means of CO gas generated in the high temperature zone of the furnace.8–12) Two reaction zones are distinguished in the submerged arc furnace, the pre-reduction zone where the present study is focused and the coke bed zone. Manganese bearing minerals containing higher manganese oxides, namely MnO2, Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 are found in the pre-reduction zone and are reduced to MnO in solid state in the presence of CO. Their pre-reduction proceeds via the following reactions: Pre-reduction Behaviour of Manganese Ores in H2 and CO Containing Gases

Pre-reduction Behaviour of Manganese Ores in H<sub>2</sub> and CO Containing Gases