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To manufacture multi-material structures in the automotive industry, bonding process is always a crucial aspect for obtaining desired properties, such as weight-reduction1) and high specific strength.2) To bond high strength steels and other metals such as aluminum alloys3) for the abovementioned purposes, limitations such as extensive formation of brittle intermetallic compound (IMC)4–6) or significant microstructural change7,8) at a high temperature by using fusion welding should be concerned due to their negative effect on bonding strength of joints. Also, regarding solidstate bonding techniques, FSW9) or diffusion bonding10) are recognized by their feasibility of bonding dissimilar materials. However, IMC formation at relatively longer welding time and high temperature,11) tool wear issue in bonding high strength steels12) in FSW, and long processing time in diffusion bonding13) exist. To overcome these problems, a bonding technique at shorter welding time without excessive increase of temperature is desired. From the above viewpoint, ultrasonic welding (USW) is a potential technique offering advantages such as short welding time (usually in a few seconds), less heat generated at bonding interface, and versatility of bonding dissimilar materials.14,15) Principle of USW can be depicted as: firstly, a clamping force (500–2 000 N) is applied vertically on base metals; a high frequency (15–20 kHz) oscillation (amplitude: 20–60 μm) is then applied on base metals; and Evolution of Bonding Interface during Ultrasonic Welding between Ni and Steels with Various Microstructure