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Steel is one of the most commonly used structural materials. Fracture toughness is one of the most important fundamental mechanical properties of the steel, so that there have been a lot of studies to understand and improve it. It is widely known that fracture toughness is strongly affected by microstructures in steels.1,2) However, the quantitative relationship between the fracture toughness and the microstructures has not been sufficiently clarified.3–6) It is therefore significant to establish a theory to quantitatively predict the fracture toughness in order to effectively develop the material design of steels. One of the major reasons of the difficulty for quantifying the influence of microstructures on fracture toughness is caused by the fact that there is a scatter of the fracture toughness as intrinsic nature.7) Pineau et al. proposed a model to evaluate a scatter of cleavage fracture toughness based on the weakest-link theory, called as the Beremin model.8–10) The effectiveness of the Beremin model has been widely known11–13) and several modifications were proposed 3D Observation of Micro-cracks as Cleavage Fracture Initiation Site in Ferrite-pearlite Steel