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Much research has been conducted in order to reduce CO2 emissions from blast furnaces.1,2) Researchers have considered replacing coke and/or coal with gas containing CO and/or H2, while decreasing the rate of consumption of the reducing agent. During such operations, the coke rate would be greatly reduced. The coke employed during the operation of a blast furnace functions both as a reducing agent and as a structural material to maintain the gas permeability in the furnace. Therefore, a decrease in the coke rate would result in a loss of pressure and reduce the productivity. With the development of low coke operation technology, it is increasingly important to estimate and control the flow of solids and gases in the blast furnace.3–5) During a low coke rate operation, the relative thickness of the coke slit at the cohesive zone decreases. The ore layer exhibits a solid-liquid coexistence at the cohesive zone, and the permeability decreases. The loss of pressure in the furnace is considerably owed to the softening of the ore in the cohesive zone;6,7) for a lower coke rate operation, an improvement in the permeability of the cohesive zone is required. The loss of pressure in the whole furnace can be decreased by decreasing the thickness of the cohesive zone in the vertical direction.8) Softening, Melting, and Permeation Phenomena of CaO–FeO–SiO2 Oxide on a Coke Bed

Softening, Melting, and Permeation Phenomena of CaO–FeO–SiO<sub>2</sub> Oxide on a Coke Bed