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In order to provide a prediction tool for sulfide/oxide/oxysulfide inclusion evolution in Mn–Al steel with a Ca addition/CaO-based flux, a comprehensive thermodynamic database for the inclusion system composed of CaO–MnO–Al2O3–CaS–MnS–Al2S3 was developed in the present study. Activity of MnS in a CaS– MnS sulfide solid solution was experimentally determined by employing a chemical equilibrium technique at 1 400°C and 1 500°C. The measured activity exhibits a positive deviation from an ideal behavior, which is in consistent with the known two-phase separation of the sulfide solid solution at lower temperature (Tcr = ~ 1 200°C). Based on the activity and the phase diagram data available in literature, a thermodynamic modeling of the CaS–MnS system was carried out. The following excess Gibbs free energy of the CaS– MnS sulfide solid solution was obtained:

Activity Measurement of the CaS–MnS Sulfide Solid Solution and Thermodynamic Modeling of the CaO–MnO–Al2O3–CaS–MnS–Al2S3 System