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A material with a crystallographically anisotropic structure shows anisotropy in its physical and chemical properties, such as electric conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and thermal conductivity. That is, the alignment of crystals in a material enhances the anisotropy of these properties. Therefore, crystal alignment is an attractive method for fabricating functional materials. For example, grain-aligned magnetic steel with a {110} 001 crystallographic structure has been developed in which the magnetically easy 001 axis is aligned to the rolling direction, because this structure shows a marked reduction in core losses compared with conventionally produced steel. Crystal alignment is also useful tool for improving the magnetic properties of ferrite magnets, because the residual magnetic flux density is proportional to the degree of crystal alignment. Graphite is suitable as a heat-extraction material because its average thermal conductivity is about three or four times larger than that of aluminum and copper. However, as a result of the hexagonal structure of graphite, its thermal conductivity in the directions of the a-axis is about two hundreds times larger than that in the c-direction, so alignment of crystals strongly intensifies the ability of graphite to act as a heatextraction material. Conventional methods for crystal alignment have some problems. Mechanical methods for the alignment of crystals, such as rolling, have been used industrially, although crystal alignment by such processes is limited to a specific direction. Slip casting in a magnetic field can be applied for the crystal alignment of ceramics, but this process is not suitable for large-scale mass production because of its low productivity. Epitaxial growth is used to produce thin films, but it is difficult to form bulk materials by this process. Thus, a new method for metallic crystal alignment suitable for large-scale mass production is desired. With the development of superconducting technologies, static magnetic fields have become sufficiently powerful to permit their use in materials processing. For example, a process for grain-refinement of a solidified structure has been proposed in which a static magnetic field and an alternating current are locally imposed on an alloy during solidification. In this process, the dendrite tips are broken into pieces during the initial stage of solidification. This satisfies the essential condition for a crystal alignment using a static magnetic field, in that the crystals suspending in liquid can easily rotate to the magnetically stable direction, although it is generally difficult to introduce this condition during solidification because a columnar solid is usually formed from the liquid phase. Therefore, this process was applied for the crystal alignment. Furthermore, the simultaneous imposition of a static magnetic field and a direct current on a metallic alloy during solidification has been also utilized for the crystal alignment. However, only the crystal align-

Crystal Alignment of Bi–Sn Alloy by Simultaneous Imposition of a Static Magnetic Field and an Alternating Current during Solidification