English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

91% exceeded the WHO standard (10 µg/L) for As and 75% exceeded the WHO standard (1.5 mg/L) for F ‐ . The highly contaminated As (max. 2400 µg/L) and F ‐ (max. 22.8 mg/L) groundwaters were found from shallow depths down to 30 m from the surface. The contaminated groundwaters are characterized by high pH (max. 8.8), alkalinity (HCO3 ‐ up to 1281 mg/L), SO4 2‐ (max. 960 mg/L), Na + (max. 1058 mg/L) and maximum electric conductivity >4.6 mS/cm. Fluoride concentrations showed positive correlations with those of Na + and HCO 3 ‐ and negative ones with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . The alkaline waters were saturated with calcite in spite of the low Ca 2+ concentrations. Fluoride concentration is governed by fluorite solubility. Speciation analysis showed As is mostly in the form of As V . There was a positive correlation between As and pH, while there is no relationship between As vs. Fe and F ‐ . Thus, the fluoride and As contamination occurred in the oxidizing and alkaline conditions of the groundwater. However, F ‐ and As are derived from two or more sources. Suspected contaminant sources in the study area contained considerable amounts of F ‐ and As; fertilizers (DAP, n = 5) contained leachable F ‐ ranging from 53‐255 mg/kg, and As 5‐10 mg/kg, and coals (n = 8) contained F ‐ ranging from 5‐20 mg/kg. Sulfur isotopic ratios indicated that the high SO 4 2‐ in groundwater (3.2‐7.0‰, CDT) is mainly derived from coal combusted atmospheric pollutants, fertilizers and household wastes. Nitrogen isotope data (8‐30‰, Air) showed that NO3 ‐ ‐N is attributed to animal waste distributed in the study area. The major chemical characteristics of the groundwaters are related with anthropogenic activities on the ground surface. The resultant major chemistry, especially highly alkaline and low Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations, must promote the high concentrations of F ‐ and As in the studied groundwaters.

geochemical journal/geochemical journal

Distribution of highly arsenic and fluoride contaminated groundwater from east Punjab, Pakistan, and the controlling role of anthropogenic pollutants in the natural hydrological cycle