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Diabetes, and particularly type 2 diabetes, is one of the most significant public health problems facing Western civilization. Every day, 4,100 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with diabetes. Of those with diabetes, each day, 230 have their legs amputated, 120 are newly placed on kidney dialysis, and 55 become blind. Overall, in the U.S., almost 7% of the entire population (∼21 million people) have diabetes, including ∼1 in 5 individuals over the age of 60 years. Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death (and is likely underreported), and people with diabetes have twice the risk of death as someone of the same age without diabetes. The primary cause of death in individuals with diabetes is not from diabetes itself but from the complications of the disease. In all, the cost of diabetes to the U.S. economy is thought to be nearly 132 billion USD in lost productivity and in direct medical care costs (1). To predict those at risk of diabetes, design efficacious behavioral and clinical interventions, and identify critical targets for pharmacologic therapy, a better understanding of the pathways and mechanisms leading to diabetes is required. It is this need for a more complete understanding of etiology that leads to the fundamental importance of genetic studies.There is extensive and consistent evidence that genetic factors play an important role in modifying an individual's risk for type 2 diabetes (2–6). A major research focus for several decades has been the identification of genes contributing to diabetes risk. Unlike the many forms of maturity-onset diabetes in the young (MODY) that are transmitted as a single gene defect and appear “Mendelian” in nature (7), typical type 2 diabetes is multifactorial in its transmission (8). Unlike type 1 diabetes, which is multifactorial but has major genetic contribution by genes …

Genes Associated With Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Identified by a Candidate-Wide Association Scan