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Propulsive force generated by ‰ipper beat of sea turtles was evaluated to conˆrm the design adequacy of a ‰ap door covering the outlet in a sea turtle releasing device (TRD) for large-scale set nets. The force generated by ‰ipper beat was measured by a tension meter using nine green turtles (SSCL: 0.390.72 m) and four loggerhead turtles (0.630.84 m) in a water tank (10 m×10 m×2.1 m depth). Video recording was simultaneously conducted and time-series data of ‰ipper beats were obtained. Sea turtles alternated a set of ‰ipper beats with a rest. The average of peak force values and ‰ipper beat frequencies in a set of ‰ipper beats decreased in order of each set for both species. Both the force and beat frequency of green turtles were twice as large as those of loggerhead turtles, and the impulse values of a single beat were similar between the two species. There was a strong linear relationship between peak force value and turtle body size in the ˆrst set, but there was no signiˆcant relationship after thirty minutes later for both species. Even after 30 minutes and later, the generated force was still large (>40 N) enough to open the ‰ap door of the current TRD.

Propulsive force generated by flipper beat of sea turtles