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familiare is endemic to the Bonin Islands, and classified as vulnerable by BirdLife International (2001). The Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus was introduced there in the early 1900s as a cage bird (Momiyama 1930), and is now one of the most common bird species on the archipelago (Suzuki 1991). The former prefers primary forests and the latter prefers open habitats (Kawakami & Higuchi in press). The two species are similar in size and foraging habits, and their distributions overlap greatly in secondary forests, which constitute a large area of Hahajima (Kawakami & Higuchi in press). In various studies, introduced species are considered to increase the costs or decrease the benefits to native species (e.g. Long 1981, Eguchi & Amano 1999), and the Japanese White-eye is considered to have that kind of impact on the Ogasawara Islands Honeyeater (Morioka & Sakane 1978, Department of Labor and Economy of Tokyo Metropolitan Government 1985). But in this case, there is also a possibility that the Japanese White-eye benefits the Ogasawara Islands Honeyeater. The Japanese White-eye has a wide home range and high mobility (Kawakami & Higuchi unpublished data), and often feeds on a variety of insects and fruits. Many of the fruits are introduced species such as Carica papaya and Morus australis (Kawakami & Higuchi 2003). Conversely, the Ogasawara Islands Honeyeater has a smaller home range and its diet consists mainly of native foods such as small arthropods (Kawakami & Higuchi 2003). However, this species also forages on introduced fruits, and it is possible that Ogasawara Islands Honeyeaters have learned to eat such unfamiliar foods from Japanese White-eyes. Laboratory experiments with the House Sparrow Passer domesticus (Fryday & Greig 1994), the Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus (McQuoid & Galef 1994), and the Black-capped Chickadee Parus artricapillus (Sherry and Galef 1990), showed that demonstrators that ate unfamiliar food influenced the food preferences of observers. The same phenomenon might be occurring with the two bird species in the Bonin Islands. The purpose of the present paper is to show whether interspecific learning exists between the two species. In order to find out if the birds were learning from each other, we experimented in the field to see how Ogasawara Islands Honeyeaters responded to unfamiliar food in two different situations: with and without the presence of Japanese White-eyes. Japanese White-eyes are not evenly distributed across the island, and there are almost none in some areas inhabited by Ogasawara Islands Honeyeaters. Therefore, we could compare the behavior of Ogasawara Islands Honeyeaters in allopatric and sympatric areas. The population densities of Ogasawara Islands Honeyeaters in the allopatric and sympatric areas were about seven and four individuals per hectare, respectively. The population density of Japanese Whiteeyes in the sympatric area was 30–40 individuals per hectare. In forests on Hahajima Island 25 feeding stands were set up. Eleven were set up in the allopatric area of Ogasawara Islands Honeyeaters, and the remaining 14 in the sympatric area shared by the two species. Interspecific learning by the Ogasawara Islands Honeyeater Apalopteron familiare from the Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus on Hahajima, the Bonin Islands, southern Japan

ornithological science

Interspecific learning by the Ogasawara Islands Honeyeater Apalopteron familiare from the Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus on Hahajima, the Bonin Islands, southern Japan