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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a facultative intracellular pathogen in humans. During infection, it encounters and is required to overcome various complex environmental conditions (in the stomach, intestines, lymphatic system, blood stream, and macrophages) in order to survive and multiply in the host. High osmolarity and iron/nutrient limitation are among the extracellular conditions it has to face during infection. In this study, we studied the regulation of the S. Typhi cutF (homologous to the Escherichia coli nlpE) in its response to different metals and extracellular conditions. In S. Typhi, the cutF gene encodes for a 25-kDa outer membrane lipoprotein that is suggested to be involved in copper homeostasis and adhesion (Gupta et al., 1995; Otto and Silhavy, 2002). CutF belongs to a family of bacterial outer membrane lipoproteins that are necessary for signaling by the Cpx pathway which responds to cell envelope disturbances and increases the expression of periplasmic protein folding and degradation factors (Otto and Silhavy, 2002). Several of these functions have been elucidated in studies of the E. coli nlpE (a cutF homologue), such as increases in multidrug and copper resistance through activation of the genes encoding the AcrD and MdtABC multidrug efflux pumps (Nishino et al., 2010). An amino acid sequence analysis of the S. Typhi CutF reveals the presence of the highly conserved Cys-X-X-Cys (CXXC) motif, commonly found in metal binding domains, at residue 31 (CADC) and the serine protease inhibitor signature at residue 99 (MLDREGNPVASQLNYTL) as observed across the NlpE family (Hirano et al., 2007). Initial studies suggested that CutF is part of a CpxA-CpxR two-component system that induces the synthesis of CutC, a cytoplsamic copper-binding protein (Gupta, 1995). CutC was thought to reduce excess copper ions in the cell either by directly binding copper or by affecting the export-import of copper ions (Gupta et al., 1995). It has been reported that cell adhesion to abiotic surfaces is an NlpE-dependent activation cue of the Cpx pathway (Otto and Silhavy, 2002). While the role of NlpE in E. coli and its relationship with the Cpx signal transduction pathway have been well reported (De Wulf et al., 2002; Dorel et al., 2006; Hirano et al., 2007; Itou et al., 2012; Snyder et al., 1995), the regulation of cutF/nlpE itself has not been studied. The cutF (and eight other adjacent genes) of S. Typhi is located between two IS200 insertion elements (NCBI Reference J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 59, 239‒244 (2013)

journal of general and applied microbiology

&lt;i&gt;Salmonella enterica&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;serovar Typhi&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;cutF&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;is upregulated during environmental stress&lt;/b&gt;