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Recycling is important to preserve the Earth’s resources. Recycling food waste for livestock feed has been practiced throughout the world over the centuries (Derr et al., 1988; Westendorf et al., 1996, 1998). A study on the recycling of cafeteria food waste focused on the nutrient values of the recycled food and determined whether the food waste could be utilized as feed for pigs (Westendorf et al., 1998). Trials of recycling food waste for fi sh feed have also been performed on commercial bases, but little is known about the impact of this kind of recycled feed on the healthy maintenance of fi sh. Recently, we investigated the microbial diversity of compost produced from marine animal resources by a unique fed-batch fermentation system with three bioreactors (Niisawa et al., 2008). Marine animal resources, not available for human consumption, have been used as a material of the compost. Thus the produced compost can be designated as a recycled material. The composting process is carried out at high temperature (around at 75°C) by fermentation-associated self-heating. The fi nal product contains thermophiles, and a majority of thermophiles in the compost is Bacillaceae (Niisawa et al., 2008). This composting process likely limits the proliferation of general pathogens, and the cost for sterilization is therefore low. The compost also contains a bacterial strain expressing a cyclic lipopeptide with antifungal activities, which is heat stable and also stable in a broad pH range. Additionally, other groups found that thermophiles isolated from the compost express thermostable exoand endochitinase to produce N-acetylglucosamine, the monomeric unit of the polymer chitin (Sakai et al., 1994, 1998). This composted product has been marketed as a material for an organic fertilizer (Miroku Co., Ltd. and Keiyo Plant Engineering Co., Ltd., Japan). We have investigated the effects of the oral administration of this compost on the physiological responses J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 56, 61‒65 (2010)

Feed additives with thermophile-fermented compost enhance concentrations of free amino acids in the muscle of the flatfish Paralichthys olivaceus