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Effective interface energies of various homoand hetero-interfaces of iron were calculated with an aid of phase-field modeling, taking into account geometric constraints by competition among grains or interfaces. Calculated effective interface energies for ¤/£, ¤/¤, and £/£ interfaces are 0.56, 0.44 and 0.37 J/m2, respectively. Using two simple geometric models for nucleation on or off an interface in the matrix, the optimal shape of a nucleus at a given radius and undercooling, a critical radius and an energy barrier for nucleation for each possible circumstance were numerically calculated. It is found that, although the energy barrier for £-phase nucleation in homogeneous ¤-phase matrix is more than three orders of magnitude greater than that for homogeneous solidification of ¤-phase, the £ nucleation on a ¤/¤ grain boundary in the solidifying matrix suppresses the energy barrier, increasing a nucleation rate. Furthermore, it is found that the £-phase nucleation on an existing £ nucleus halves undercooling needed with smaller critical radius. This suggests that, once £ nucleation is initiated, then following £ nucleation is promoted by doubled driving force, enabling multiple £ nucleation as in chain reaction. These findings are sufficient to explain experimentally observed phenomena during the ¤-£ massive-like phase transformation even if other factors such as solute re-distribution or transformation is neglected. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MA201569]

materials transactions

Concurrent &amp;gamma;-Phase Nucleation as a Possible Mechanism of &amp;delta;-&amp;gamma; Massive-like Phase Transformation in Carbon Steel: Numerical Analysis Based on Effective Interface Energy