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Grain refinement of a magnesium alloy, AZ31, was studied in multi-directional forging (MDF) with decreasing temperature from 623 to 423 K. The MDF was carried out up to cumulative strains of around 5 with changing the loading direction during decreasing temperature from pass to pass. The structural changes are characterized by the development of many mutually crossing kink bands accompanied by MDF at low strains, followed by full development of very fine grains at high strains. The dynamic changes in grain size evolved can be expressed by two different power law functions of flow stress for the regions of flow stress above or below around 100 MPa. The MDF under decreasing temperature condition can accelerate the uniform development of much finer grains and the improvement in plastic workability, leading to the minimal grain size of 0.36 μm at a final processing temperature of 423 K. The mechanism of grain refinement is discussed in detail.

Ultra-Fine Grain Development in an AZ31 Magnesium Alloy during Multi-Directional Forging under Decreasing Temperature Conditions